Under a warm August sky, two moments in history—separated by nearly a century—emerged on the same date, each shaping the human story in profoundly different ways. On August 17, 1877, Asaph Hall, an astronomer at the U.S. Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C., peered into the vast darkness through the largest refractor telescope in the world at the time and found what so many before him had only imagined: a small moon orbiting Mars. On August 17, 1961, workers and soldiers in Berlin continued erecting what would become one of the most infamous structures of the twentieth century, the Berlin Wall, dividing families, friends, and an entire city. One event expanded humanity’s view of the universe; the other shrank the world for millions of people.
The U.S. Naval Observatory in the late nineteenth century was a place of meticulous work, its great domed chambers housing brass-bound telescopes that reached into the night sky for answers. In August 1877, Mars shone unusually bright, closer to Earth than it had been in years, providing a rare opportunity for astronomers. For centuries, there had been whispers and speculation that Mars might have moons, but none had been confirmed. Asaph Hall, who had risen from humble beginnings as a carpenter to one of America’s most respected astronomers, dedicated himself to finding out the truth. His nights were long and often fruitless. Mars’s glare made it nearly impossible to detect anything faint near it. But on the night of August 17, after countless hours of patience, a dim point of light revealed itself. It was Phobos, a tiny moon only about 22 kilometers across, circling Mars so quickly that it appeared to rise in the west and set in the east. Hall had already spotted another moon, Deimos, just days earlier, but Phobos—swift, close, and strange—was something else entirely. His discovery added a new chapter to the story of our solar system, a reminder that the universe holds secrets waiting for those persistent enough to search.
Eighty-four years later, August 17 brought not the joy of discovery but the reality of division. Berlin, deep inside East Germany, had been a city of uneasy coexistence since the end of World War II, with its western sectors controlled by the Allies and its eastern half under Soviet authority. For years, East Germans had slipped into West Berlin to escape the strictures of communist rule. But in August 1961, under the orders of East German leader Walter Ulbricht, the border began to close. The first barriers had gone up just days earlier, on August 13, but by August 17, the wall was growing taller and stronger, the temporary fences replaced with concrete slabs and armed guards. Streets that once connected neighborhoods were sealed. People woke to find they could no longer visit relatives, go to their jobs across town, or even cross the street without risking arrest.
For Berliners, it was more than the construction of a wall; it was the imposition of a wound that would scar the city for decades. Families were split overnight. Friends became unreachable. The sound of hammers and drills mingled with the silence of disbelief, and the once-fluid movement between East and West was replaced by tense standoffs at checkpoints. What had been an open city was now a geopolitical pawn, and the wall, stretching 96 miles, became the starkest symbol of the Cold War.
Placing these two August 17ths side by side reveals a striking contrast in human nature. In 1877, a man used science and perseverance to push the boundaries of what we knew, to expand our understanding of the cosmos. In 1961, a government built a physical and ideological boundary to limit the movement of its people. One event opened the universe; the other closed off a city. And yet, both grew out of fundamental aspects of humanity—our desire to explore and our instinct to protect, our capacity for wonder and our capacity for fear.
The human stories within these moments are what bring them to life. Picture Asaph Hall, standing in the quiet of the observatory, the scent of polished brass in the air, carefully adjusting the massive telescope, knowing he might be on the brink of something extraordinary. Imagine his excitement when he confirmed his find, the thrill of knowing he had added something permanent to humanity’s knowledge. Then imagine a Berlin mother in 1961, standing on one side of a freshly built barricade, her child in hand, staring across to where her parents lived, now unreachable. Imagine the whispered conversations across fences, the letters smuggled under threat, the desperate plans to escape.
Phobos still circles Mars today, its cratered surface mapped in detail by spacecraft. Astronomers know it is slowly spiraling toward the planet, destined to crash into it or break apart into a ring millions of years from now. The Berlin Wall, meanwhile, fell in 1989, brought down by the same human will that had once endured its shadow. Fragments remain, scattered across museums and memorials, each piece a testament to the cost of division and the resilience needed to overcome it.
August 17 reminds us that humanity is capable of both reaching outward and turning inward, of discovering moons and building walls. It is up to each generation to decide which impulse will define its legacy. Some will look up, like Asaph Hall, searching for new worlds, while others will look down, stacking bricks out of fear. Somewhere tonight, a telescope will find Phobos gliding silently around Mars. Somewhere else, a traveler will run their fingers along a chipped remnant of the Berlin Wall. Both will feel the weight of history, and both will face the same question: do we open the sky, or do we build the wall?